Liberalism & Realism: A Comparison of Political Philosophies - Essay Sample

Introduction

Liberalism refers to moral and political philosophy, which is based on the consent of the people being governed, liberty, and equality of the law. The term can also refer to the political philosophy, based on the essential goodness of humankind, belief in progress as well as individual autonomy who stands for the protection of civil and political liberties (Ingram, 2). Realism refers to thinking or acting basing on available facts and on what is possible, not on hopes. Sometimes the term is called naturalism.

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Please analyze the difference between reactive and proactive solutions to diplomatic problems.

Reactive solutions are diplomatic solutions that seek to find diplomatic problems and eliminate the root causes of the known incidences (Dahl, 6). On the other hand, proactively seeks to identify the root causes of a problem and come up with a prevention mechanism that identifies and eliminates the causes to stop future occurrence.

How has the U.S. Supreme Court used judicial review to become a kind of super-legislature today?

The court has performed significant feats, for instance, the outlawing segregation laws that were applicable in schools. Secondly, the court also reduced the legislative powers of the legislature. Thirdly, the Supreme Court reduced the power of the state for controlling subversive activities in the United States. Fourthly, the Supreme Court has continued to provide oversight on the way the state enforces the law, particularly the criminal law (Dahl, 14). The Supreme Court drew limits to Power vested in the president by the law and attempted to change and define the boundaries of the church and the state. Lastly, the court advocated the rights of free speech, which have been active up to now.

How, according to the Ingram text, is it easier for presidents to go public today than it would be for them to use bargaining as a leadership strategy?

Going public helps the presidents to make direct appeals to the citizen to support his political agenda as opposed to bargaining (Wilson, 4). The method also helps him to make direct appeals to the voter to encourage him to prevent the congress from passing legislation that he may not want. In most cases, presidents dislike bargaining as an alternative strategy because they consider it less appealing, thus a not successful strategy to convince the voters (Obama, 2). Furthermore, when a president goes public, he aims to gain support through the mobilization of other politicians' supporters.

Why does Ingram argue that we have made caricatures of both authoritarianism and democracy by over-emphasizing the differences between them?

The Ingram means that people tend to overemphasize the two terms, that is, democracy and authoritarianism, such that they take the meaning of the two words in their total absoluteness. For instance, when a country is termed to be democratic does not necessarily mean that it has achieved absolute democracy (Ingram, 1). Still, people have wrong perception ones; the here of a democratic state they think everything is well. In the same way, people always have false perceptions once they come across the term authoritarianism. They believe that all freedom of citizens in an authoritarian government has nothing in terms of democratic rights. The two words have been given a new look and meaning over time by people who do not understand their real meaning and how they should apply.

Works Cited

Ingram, James Warren III. Democracies versus Non-Democracies (Authoritarianism). Ingram politics

Ingram , James Warren III. International Relations and Foreign Policy. Ingram polics

Wilson, Woodrow .War Messages, 65th Cong., 1st Sess. Senate Doc. No. 5, Serial No. 7264, Washington, D.C., 1917; pp. 3-8, passim.

Obama, H Barack. Nobel Lecture: A Just and Lasting Peace". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 28 Aug 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/obamalecture_en.html>

Dahl , Robert A. What Political Institutions Does Large-Scale Democracy Require? Political Science Quarterly. The Academy of Political Science Vol. 120, No. 2 (Summer, 2005), pp. 187-197 .Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20202514