Human Security: Protecting People Holistically.

Human security is a discipline that addresses a variety of issues that affect human beings. For instance, it encompasses federal safety, environmental protection, food security, personal security, external security, and community security. Initially, it only focused on the outer aspect of human security, but after a report by the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues was released in 1982, they started to look at social security holistically. It involved including all the other aspects onto the external security issue.

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The aim of human security in addressing all these matters is to enhance the overall wellness of human beings. The government must guarantee the safety of individuals. Thus the issue of implementation of social security lies with the government. Furthermore, since it is the prerogative of the government, this paper is going to address the role of states in ensuring the safety of individuals.

Statement of the problem

It has been established that human security covers a variety of issues. One of the problems it deals with is LGBTQ individuals. The LGBTQ individuals have been for a long time been persecuted and discriminated against because of their sexual orientation (Duarte, 2017). It has had the effect of affecting human security guaranteed by the government. It should be noted that the LGBTQ agenda, just like other food security, is essential to the overall wellness. The LGBTQ agenda is a part of personal security.

The objective of this security is to ensure that people are safe from violence. Thus this paper will look at the different literature review that looks at the LGBTQ problem. Besides, it will look into the systems and culture in place in the society which needs to address the problem. Lastly, it will shine the light on the role played by transnational society in human security.

Literature review

Eugenio Duarte, PhD wrote an article about the undeniable threat to the LGBTQ people. The author argues that the potentially destructive effect on LGBTQ rights is real but that detecting it requires an appreciation for unconscious projection and distortion (Duarte, 2017). The author is very critical of President Donald trump's administration of matters LGBTQ. It has been noted that the president, when in public, often speaks positively about the LGBTQ community but his actions do not go in line with his statements. President Trump has associated himself with all kinds of conservative groups.

From right-wing politician to church leadership. All these groups have a negative attitude towards people of the LGBTQ community. Most churches condemn the marriage of LGBTQ people claiming that the bible does not recognize it. The author states that their hate for this community has driven them to denounce the gains made during President Obama's era. For instance, after the election of President Donald Trump into office, the Whitehouse website dedicated to matters LGBTQ was deleted.

In addition to this in February 2017, Trump promised to repeal an Obama-era executive order protecting trans schoolchildren's right to use the bathroom congruent with their gender identity. The author concluded by stating that the young LGBGQT group are the ones who are in danger of experiencing this persecution and discrimination since most young LGBTQ individuals have not yet developed their identity.

Shannon D. Snapp1, Jennifer M. Hoenig1, Amanda Fields1, and Stephen T. Russell undertook a study to find out whether lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning (LGBTQ) youth experience disparate treatment in schools that may result in criminal sanctions (Snapp et al., 2014). The research found that they are punished for public displays of affection and violating gender norms. Often they get treated with hostility by their peers which often leads to fights.

The study observed that Educators and administrators tend to enforce school policies unequally in the case of LGBTQ youth. For instance, the threat of punitive punishment for PDA is real for LGBTQ youth. The wrong treatment of LGBTQ youths often leads to three results. They lead to prison, dropping out of school, and transfer to an alternative school. It is in these situations that these youths end up in the juvenile justice system.

Kevin Langson wrote an article on the issues LGBTQ refugees faced during application of asylum ("Contentious Entry: LGBTQ Refuge and Asylum | University of Chicago - SSA", 2020). The problems are with adjudication processes that allow people to enter the country. The author explores these problems and provides some solution to it. The background of the article is that LGBTQ refugees, just like other refugees, are escaping atrocities and violence in their countries.

Nevertheless, since they are LGBTQ individuals, they suffer double the violence and discrimination compared to other refugees. It should be noted that as an LGBTQ individual, they are already minorities in their own right. Thus they are handling the issues which come with identifying with that group. It is made worse when the country is involved in a conflict which forces them to flee. As a vulnerable group, they must be given priority in getting asylum in foreign countries. It is where the problem comes in.

The authorities require LGBTQ individuals to prove that they face persecution in their countries in order to be accepted. It is often difficult to prove. Political persecution or religious persecution is easily proved and is sufficient reason to be allowed into the United States of America. However, with LGBTQ individuals, the bar is set higher. It has caused a lot of refugees' inconvenience since they need reassure from the government to start a new life in the united states of America. The author has stated that reforming the whole process is the practical solution.

Jamesha E. Watson and JoEllen Pederson undertook a study to find out how college students between the ages of 18 and 24 (and thus millennial) answer questions about welfare and poverty (Watson & Pederson, 2018). The findings of the study suggest that most of the respondents are unsure of their opinions on government spending on the poor and welfare programs. The researchers also proposed a third ideological perspective since the respondents did not fit neatly into two the different ideological camps.

The research also brought out the fact that millennial have a fundamental understanding of why poverty and welfare are needed, including a lack of available jobs or jobs that do not pay a living wage. They exhibit attitudes based on individualism when asked different scenarios about individuals who could receive welfare and feel as though everyone should be working.

The researchers concluded that these results indicated a shift from two different value systems shaping welfare state attitudes among millennial college students compared to findings from previous research on multiple age cohorts the third ideological perspective which emerged was structural individualism. It added onto egalitarian and individualistic ideologies.

Susanne Hoeber Rudolph wrote an article on the impact of transnational religions for conflict and cooperation, for security, for the future of the nation-state and the rise of the transnational civil society (RUDOLPH, 2019). The intertwining of security and religion came in the 1990s when domestic peace and tranquillity had been disrupted by religion. The author talks about how religion impacted all sphere of society in most nations of the globe. Usually, religion can play the role of inciting conflict or cooperation.

The author asserts that in recent times religion has been used as a vehicle for conflict than cooperation. For instance, the Indian Pakistan war is a religious conflict. One can argue that they are two distinct states fighting. It can also be perceived as a war between the Muslim ideology and the Hindu ideology. Another example of religious conflict is the war between Israel and Palestine. It is the oldest war in our times.

Conclusion

Human security comprises of a variety of things. It includes federal safety, environmental protection, food security, personal security, external security and community security.it is the government role in ensuring that human beings are guaranteed of all these issues. The government has failed in this role by failing to look out for LGBTQ individuals. During the previous Obama administration, things were looking great for this community, but since President Donald Trump got into office, the future looks dim.

The government must change its attitude towards this community. It can only happen if massive reforms were undertaken in the society. For instance, Jamesha E. Watson and JoEllen recommend that millennial need to change their attitudes about vulnerable groups. In conclusion, the government needs to take care of this group as the real issues in the world are brought about by religion.

References

Contentious Entry: LGBTQ Refuge and Asylum | University of Chicago - SSA. Ssa.uchicago.edu. (2020). Retrieved 7 May 2020, from http://www.ssa.uchicago.edu/contentious-entry-lgbtq-refuge-and-asylum.Duarte, E. (2017). "The Un/Deniable Threat to LGBTQ People". Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 53(4), 561-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2017.1384668RUDOLPH, S. (2019). TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND FADING STATES. ROUTLEDGE.Snapp, S., Hoenig, J., Fields, A., & Russell, S. (2014). Messy, Butch, and Queer. Journal Of Adolescent Research, 30(1), 57-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558414557625Watson, J., & Pederson, J. (2018). The Rise of Structural Individualism: Millennial Attitudes toward Welfare and Poverty. International Journal Of Undergraduate Research And Creative Activities, 10(0), 3. https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1102