A Study of Multi-Cellularity in Metazoan Evolution

Introduction

This paper portfolio will study multi-cellularity. Multi-cellularity is a vital transition in animal evolution. Metazoans like receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Notch, TGF-v, Wnt, and Hedgehog require some signaling pathways during cell differentiation, survival, and proliferation for genetic development. An important topic of consideration during evolutionary developmental biology is usually that concerning the transformation of metazoan from unicellular eukaryotes. Recent genomic analysis has discovered that Notch, TGF-v, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling pathways are not of unicellular organisms but that of metazoan synapomorphies. On the other hand, RTKs exhibit a multicellular development from a metazoan unicellular ancestor. The Hippo signaling pathway is another form of metazoan signaling where imaginal disc growth is critically regulated by drosophila.

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Cell Adhesion in Early-Branching Metazoan (Cnidarian)

The summary of this article will be the study of cell adhesion process during the multi-cellular development of an animal. Cell-cell adhesion and multicellular matrix adhesion are expounded in the development of organs and tissues. Molecular morphogenesis is studied when organs are formed from adhesive complexes of the genome. Cell-cell adhesion in early-branching metazoan like cnidarian is understood. Comparisons of the results of cell adhesion of cnidarian with other metazoan provide an insight into the evolution into tissue morphogenesis in the animal kingdom.

Tissue Morphogenesis in the Cadherin Family

The summary of the article will be about the tissue morphogenesis of the cadherin family including; classical cadherin, atypical cadherin (Flamingo, fat, and Dachsous) and proto-cadherin. It is observed that during cell adhesion and cell sorting, cadherin control heterophilic and hemophilic interactions due to its typical repeats in its extracellular domain. The article expounds that cadherin has evolved in other forms, therefore, facilitating other forms of morphogenesis in addition to the originally enabled mechanical cell-cell adhesion. This evolution is aided by the interaction of cadherin with other binding partners that alter the adhesion of cadherin by adjusting the signaling pathways and actin cytoskeleton. The morphogenesis of various members of the cadherin family is examined and the mechanisms involved are expounded.

Works Cited

Halbleib, J. M., and W. J. Nelson. "Cadherins in development: cell adhesion, sorting, and tissue morphogenesis." Genes & Development, vol. 20, no. 23, 1 Dec. 2006, pp. 3199-3214, NCBI Resources. doi:10.1101/gad.1486806. Accessed 27 Sept. 2019.

Magie, Craig R., and Mark Q. Martindale. "Cell-Cell Adhesion in the Cnidaria: Insights Into the Evolution of Tissue Morphogenesis." The Biological Bulletin, vol. 214, no. 3, 4 June 2008, pp. 218-232, NCBI Resources. doi:10.2307/25470665. Accessed 27 Sept. 2019.

Sebe-Pedros, Arnau, et al. "Premetazoan Origin of the Hippo Signaling Pathway." Cell Reports, vol. 1, no. 1, 26 Jan. 2012, pp. 13-20, NCBI Resources. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2011.11.004. Accessed 27 Sept. 2019.